Spontaneous growth of the reconnection electric field during magnetic reconnection with a guide field: A theoretical model and particle-in-cell simulations

Huang Kai^{1, 2}, Lu Quan-Ming^{1, 2, †}, Wang Rong-Sheng^{1, 2}, Wang Shui^{1, 2}

(a) Time evolution of the magnetic flux function Ψ/(B₀d_i) along z = 0. (b) Time evolution of |Ψ_M| with M = 5–9. In this case, there is no initial perturbation.