A numerical study of dynamics in thin hopper flow and granular jet

Wang Meng-Ke^{1, 2}, Yang Guang-Hui^{1, 2}, Zhang Sheng^{1, 2}, Cai Han-Jie^{1, 2}, Lin Ping^{1, 2, †}, Chen Liang-Wen^{1, 2}, Yang Lei^{1, 2}

Spatial vector field plot of time-averaged v_z in the y–z plane inside the hopper with the slot width (a) D = 5d, (b) D = 10d, (c) D = 20d, (d) D = 30d. The arrow heads indicate the velocity direction. The length of arrows and the color scale indicate the velocity magnitude.