A numerical study of dynamics in thin hopper flow and granular jet

Wang Meng-Ke^{1, 2}, Yang Guang-Hui^{1, 2}, Zhang Sheng^{1, 2}, Cai Han-Jie^{1, 2}, Lin Ping^{1, 2, †}, Chen Liang-Wen^{1, 2}, Yang Lei^{1, 2}

The v_z and volume fraction as a function of z for the granular jet with D = 10d. The solid line shows the velocity of free-falling single sphere.