Thermodynamic charge-state transition levels of (a) the four puckered 4× configurations (black and red short lines) and (b) the four puckered 5× configurations (green and red short lines) under the strains of 0%, 3%, and 7%. The red and blue lines in (a) and (b) represent the puckered 4× and 5× configurations with the relaxation channels influenced by strain. One blue line and one red line in (a) coincide at 7% strain at 1.70 eV. |