(a) Hybrid reflex arc made of an artificial afferent nerve and a biological efferent nerve. (b) Photograph of reference and stimulating electrodes, detached cockroach leg, and a force gauge. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [110]. Copyright 2019, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (c) Schematic image of sound location by binaural effect in the human brain. (d) Schematic illustration of sound location in an artificial neural network based on the neuro-transistor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley & Sons. (e) Artificial neuromorphic system for eyesight simulation. (f) PSCs triggered by a constant pulse condition at different wavelengths ranging from UV to visible light with a power density of 120 μW/cm²(λ = 400–650 nm). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [115]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.