Creation of topological vortices using Pancharatnam-Berry phase liquid crystal holographic plates
Guo Xuyue, Zhong Jinzhan, Li Peng, Wei Bingyan, Liu Sheng, Zhao Jianlin
       

(a), (e) Interferograms of the Hopf linked and Trefoil knotted fields with the reference field recorded at the z = 0 plane, respectively. (b), (f) Intensity and (c), (g) phase distributions reconstructed from the interferograms. (d), (h) Phase singularities mapped by the location algorithm based on the spatial spectrum of the phase pattern.