(a) Transmission geometry set-up for modern x-ray pair distribution function measurements, where combination of high-energy x-ray and a large-area detector placed close to the sample could approach a wide Q range. The PDF data shown here, accompanied with its schematic structure, are for Ni with face-centered-cubic structure. (b) Schematic top view of time-of-flight neutron diffraction (TOF-ND) diffractometer and sample placement (not to scale).^[42]