Advanced characterization and calculation methods for rechargeable battery materials in multiple scales

Li Xin-Yan^{1, 2}, Weng Su-Ting^{1, 2}, Gu Lin^{1, 2, 3, †}

(a) XANES spectra of electrode materials at discharge and charge states of different cycles. (b) Quantification of the oxidation states of Fe for different cycles. Pristine, discharged, and charged are represented with P, D, and C, respectively. (c)–(e) Quantification of the oxidation states of Fe as a function of cycle number.^[55]