Grain boundary restructuring and La/Ce/Y application in Nd–Fe–B magnets
Yan Mi, Jin Jiaying, Ma Tianyu
       

The c-axis out-of-plane Kerr view of SMP and MMP magnets. Magneto-optical Kerr images of thermally demagnetized (a) SMP magnet with 9 wt.% La–Ce and (c) MMP magnet with 18 wt.% La–Ce. The average domain width in the MMP magnet is almost twice the size of the SMP one. The pink arrows in (c) depict the domain clusters that joint together with 20 μ m wide, and are obviously larger than the average grain size ( 6.5 μ m ), indicating a strong exchange coupling within the 2:14:1 grains and long-range magnetostatic interactions in the MMP magnets. The corresponding domain patterns under 600 mT (parallel to c-axis) are shown in (b) and (d). The intersecting domain group changes barely, suggesting a higher stability of the MMP magnet in preserving its virgin domain patterns than the SMP one. The box areas A, B, C and D are pointed out for comparisons.[22]