Grain boundary restructuring and La/Ce/Y application in Nd–Fe–B magnets
Yan Mi, Jin Jiaying, Ma Tianyu
       

Local domain features of the MMP magnet with 18 wt.% La–Ce. (a) In-focus and (b) over-focus Lorentz TEM images of the thermally demagnetized sample (c-axis in-plane view). In the in-focus image, neighboring grains 1 (low La/Ce) and 2 (high La/Ce) are separated by the GB layers (indicated by white dotted curves and blue arrows). The upper inset shows the EDS line scan (red solid line), and the bottom one is an enlarged view of the GB regions (∼15 nm). The over-focus image reveals bright and dark contrasts of the domain walls (an alternating 180° wall pattern, as depicted by arrows), which are produced by opposite magnetizations between adjacent domains. The inset in (b) enlarges a continuous domain wall across the thick GB.[22]