Evolution of the Internet AS-level topology: From nodes and edges to components<xref rid="cpb_27_12_120501fn1" ref-type="fn">*</xref><fn id="cpb_27_12_120501fn1"><label>*</label> <p>Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61671142).</p></fn>

Evolution of the Internet AS-level topology: From nodes and edges to components**

Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61671142).

Liu Xiao^{1, 2}, Wang Jinfa^{2, †}, Jing Wei³, de Jong Menno¹, Tummers Jeroen S¹, Zhao Hai²

(color online) Growth of nodes and edges of the AS-level Internet from January (Jan) 1998 to August (Aug) 2013. (a) Increase of the Internet nodes over time. (b) Increase of the Internet edges over time. (c)–(f) Comparisons of the dead (red dots) and born (blue dots) elements of the Internet network topology from January 1998 to August 2013, in which dead elements are represented by red dots and born elements are represented by blue ones. (c) The Internet nodes, N_dead and N_born; (d) Internal edges of the Internet, and ; (e) Boundary edges of the Internet, and ; (f) External edges of the Internet, and .