Formation and stability of ultrasonic generated bulk nanobubbles |
(color online) (a) Concentration of nanobubbles obtained at 4 different collecting points in pure water before and after ultrasonic 5 minutes ultrasonic (40 kHz, 25 °C). (b) Dissolved oxygen in pure water before and after ultrasonic 5 minutes (dotted line means standard DO value in saturated oxygen dissolved pure water under 25 °C, 1 atm atmosphere). |