(color online) (a) Stress–strain curves at different strain levels (ε = 1%–7%) under an approximately isothermal condition (low strain rate of ). (b) Stress–strain curves at different strain levels (ε = 1%–7%) under an approximately adiabatic condition (high strain rate of 5 × 10⁻³/s) at room temperature. Higher strain rate leads to both higher critical stresses and larger stress hysteresis. (c) Corresponding Δ T-time profiles at different strain levels (ε = 1%–7%). (d) Δ T-strain profiles at different strain levels (ε = 1%–7%) in the loading and unloading process. All the above tensile tests are conducted at room temperature.