(color online) Maps of V₀–T_s parameter space, showing transitions between cavity features for different water temperatures: (a) T_w = 30 °C, (b) T_w = 60 °C, and (c) T_w = 95 °C. The vertical dashed line in panel (c) indicates temperature beyond which a stable vapor layer can be formed around the sphere at low impact velocities. The inclined dashed line indicates the transition from smooth cavity (bottom) to disturbed cavity (top). The impact features are classified as no cavity (◾), incomplete cavity (★), full cavity (▴), dual cavity (▾), and broken cavity (♦).