Spin manipulation in semiconductor quantum dots qubit<xref rid="cpb_27_9_090308_fn1" ref-type="fn">*</xref><fn id="cpb_27_9_090308_fn1"><label>*</label><p>Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11674300, 61674132, 11575172, and 11625419), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China.</p></fn>

Spin manipulation in semiconductor quantum dots qubit**

Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11674300, 61674132, 11575172, and 11625419), and the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities, China.

Wang Ke, Li Hai-Ou, Xiao Ming, Cao Gang^†, Guo Guo-Ping^‡

(color online) Schematic diagram of the energy level during the ESR or EDSR measurement. It consists of initialization, spin blockade, spin manipulation, projection, and readout. Spin-flip is achieved in the spin manipulation step by hyperfine interaction,^[8,104] spin–orbit interaction,^[105] inhomogeneous magnetic field,^[106] and g-factor tensor modulation.^[107]