The properties of surface nanobubbles formed on different substrates Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11290165, 11305252, and U1532260), the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Grant No. KJZD-EW-M03), and the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Grant No. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH019). |
(color online) The relationship between contact angles of nanobubbles and their lateral widths on different surfaces produced by (a) ethanol–water (E–W) exchange, and (b) 4-°C water method. |
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