Guiding properties of proton-implanted Nd<sup>3+</sup>-doped phosphate glass waveguides

Guiding properties of proton-implanted Nd³⁺-doped phosphate glass waveguides

Zhu Qi-Feng¹, Wang Yue¹, Shen Jian-Ping¹, Guo Hai-Tao², Liu Chun-Xiao^{1, †}

Relative intensity of light as a function of effective refractive index for (a) unimplanted and (b) implanted Nd³⁺-doped phosphate glasses.