Quantitative evaluation of space charge effects of laser-cooled three-dimensional ion system on a secular motion period scale
Du Li-Jun1, 2, Song Hong-Fang2, 3, 4, 5, Chen Shao-Long2, 3, 4, 5, Huang Yao2, 3, 4, Tong Xin2, 3, 4, Guan Hua2, 3, 4, †, Gao Ke-Lin2, 3, 4
       

(color online) Spatial distributions of the ion system (0.1 ms of delayed imaging) after cooling to equilibrium state under two axial electrostatic potentials: (a) Uend = 3.500 V and (b) 10.500 V. (c) Temporal evolution characteristics of secular energy and total energy in the cooling process.