Quantitative evaluation of space charge effects of laser-cooled three-dimensional ion system on a secular motion period scale

Du Li-Jun^{1, 2}, Song Hong-Fang^{2, 3, 4, 5}, Chen Shao-Long^{2, 3, 4, 5}, Huang Yao^{2, 3, 4}, Tong Xin^{2, 3, 4}, Guan Hua^{2, 3, 4, †}, Gao Ke-Lin^{2, 3, 4}

(color online) Spatial distributions of the ion system (0.1 ms of delayed imaging) after cooling into the equilibrium state under different stable trapping parameters: (a) q = 0.14, (b) q = 0.3, and (c) q = 0.45. Temporal evolution characteristics of (d) secular energy and (e) total energy in the cooling process.