Quantitative evaluation of space charge effects of laser-cooled three-dimensional ion system on a secular motion period scale

Du Li-Jun^{1, 2}, Song Hong-Fang^{2, 3, 4, 5}, Chen Shao-Long^{2, 3, 4, 5}, Huang Yao^{2, 3, 4}, Tong Xin^{2, 3, 4}, Guan Hua^{2, 3, 4, †}, Gao Ke-Lin^{2, 3, 4}

(color online) Temporal evolutions of secular energy and total energy in laser-cooled single ion and 3D ion system under the same experimental parameters.