TiO<sub>2</sub> composite electron transport layers for planar perovskite solar cells by mixed spray pyrolysis with precursor solution incorporating TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles

TiO₂ composite electron transport layers for planar perovskite solar cells by mixed spray pyrolysis with precursor solution incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles

Tian Jiaqi, Li Hongcui, Wang Haiyue, Zheng Bo, Xue Yebin, Liu Xizhe^†

Surface morphology of TiO₂ layers without (a) and with incorporation of 25 nm (b), 60 nm (c), and 100 nm (d) TiO₂ nanoparticles. The scale bar is 200 nm.