A review of recent theoretical and computational studies on pinned surface nanobubbles<xref rid="cpb_27_1_014401_fn1" ref-type="fn">*</xref> <fn id="cpb_27_1_014401_fn1"> <label>*</label> <p>Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91434204).</p> </fn>

A review of recent theoretical and computational studies on pinned surface nanobubbles* *

Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 91434204).

Liu Yawei, Zhang Xianren^†

(color online) Several typical snapshots during the nanobubble formations at surfaces with high roughness (a), moderate roughness (b), and low roughness (c). Snapshots (i)–(v) in panel (a), (i)–(v) in panel (b), and (i) in panel (c) are obtained from the standard long-time MD simulations, and the others are obtained from the constrained MD simulations using the thermodynamic integration approach. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72].