Quantum spin Hall and quantum valley Hall effects in trilayer graphene and their topological structures
Ur Rehman Majeed1, 2, †, A Abid A1, 2
       

(color online) Low energy spectrum of the trilayer graphene with only one layer has the essence of ISO interaction. Panel (a) (panel (b)) corresponds to the bands near valley ( ). The introduction of intrinsic SO coupling in only layer opens an energy gap having an amount of with different signs for spin-up and spin-down as well as for valley and .