(color online) Schematics of c-axis out-of-plane (OOP) (a) and in-plane (IP) (b) exchange coupling (EC) geometries in exchange-coupled bilayer films. (c) Comparisons of exchange coupling energy (E_ex) and magnetostatic energy (E_static) between moment m_h in hard-magnetic layer and m_0,0 in soft-magnetic layer as shown in Figs. 26(a) and 26(b).^[81]