Instabilities of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in open rectangular liquid layers

Jiang Huan^{1, 2}, Duan Li^{1, 2, †}, Kang Qi^{1, 2, ‡}

(color online) Surface flow and perturbation waves in the free surface of liquid layers in different experimental conditions: (a) Γ = 17.3, Pr = 25; (b) Γ = 14.9, Pr = 16. The cold side is left.