Instabilities of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in open rectangular liquid layers

Jiang Huan^{1, 2}, Duan Li^{1, 2, †}, Kang Qi^{1, 2, ‡}

(color online) Hydrothermal waves and convection longitudinal rolls in the free surface of liquid layers in the experimental condition of Γ = 20.8 and Pr = 25. The cold side is left.