Instabilities of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in open rectangular liquid layers
Jiang Huan1, 2, Duan Li1, 2, †, Kang Qi1, 2, ‡
       

The convection longitudinal rolls in different Γ and constant Pr = 25: (a) Γ = 28.9; (b) Γ = 26; (c) Γ = 21.7; (d) Γ = 18.6. The cold side is left.