Instabilities of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in open rectangular liquid layers

Jiang Huan^{1, 2}, Duan Li^{1, 2, †}, Kang Qi^{1, 2, ‡}

The sketch map of convection longitudinal rolls: (a) the overhead view of the temperature field, (b) the cross-section drawn of the velocity profile field.