Instabilities of thermocapillary–buoyancy convection in open rectangular liquid layers

Jiang Huan^{1, 2}, Duan Li^{1, 2, †}, Kang Qi^{1, 2, ‡}

(color online) Stability diagram: the critical Marangoni number Ma_c (solid lines with closed symbols) vs. aspect ratios Γ of the liquid layer for (a) Pr = 16, (b) Pr = 25, (c) Pr = 29. Vertical dashed lines correspond to the dynamic Bond number Bd.