Interfacial nanobubbles produced by long-time preserved cold water<xref rid="cpb_26_10_106803_fn1" ref-type="fn">*</xref> <fn id="cpb_26_10_106803_fn1"> <label>*</label> <p>Project supported by the Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Open Research Project of the Large Scientific Facility of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11079050, 11290165, 11305252, 11575281, and U1532260), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB825705 and 2013CB932801), the National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists, China (Grant No. 11225527), the Shanghai Academic Leadership Program, China (Grant No. 13XD1404400), and the Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KJCX2-EW-W09 and QYZDJ-SSW-SLH019)</p> </fn>

Interfacial nanobubbles produced by long-time preserved cold water* *

Project supported by the Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Open Research Project of the Large Scientific Facility of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11079050, 11290165, 11305252, 11575281, and U1532260), the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2012CB825705 and 2013CB932801), the National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists, China (Grant No. 11225527), the Shanghai Academic Leadership Program, China (Grant No. 13XD1404400), and the Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. KJCX2-EW-W09 and QYZDJ-SSW-SLH019)

Zhou Li-Min^{1, 4}, Wang Shuo^{1, 4}, Qiu Jie^{1, 3, 4}, Wang Lei^{1, 2}, Wang Xing-Ya^{1, 2, 4}, Li Bin^{1, 2}, Zhang Li-Juan^{1, 2, †}, Hu Jun^{1, 2, ‡}

(color online) (a) Stiffness image of nanobubbles in Fig. 1(b), and (b) force curves of a spherical cap-shaped object in force volume mode. The insert in panel (b) shows the slice (deflection error) image of the chosen nanobubble. Force curve is obtained on the nanobubble marked by blue circle. Panel (b) shows the three regions, i.e., region 1 (ellipse): linear-response region; region 2 (circle): retraction on substrate surface; region 3 (square): adhesion region.