Optical waveguide in Nd:Bi<sub>12</sub>SiO<sub>20</sub> crystal produced by multi-energy C ion implantation

Optical waveguide in Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal produced by multi-energy C ion implantation

Liu Tao^{1, †}, Kong Wei-Jin^{2, ‡}, Ren Ying-Ying^{3, 4}, Cheng Yan¹

(color online) Plots of relative intensity of light versus effective refractive index of the Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ waveguide with multi-energy C ion implantation and after the intermittent thermal annealing treatment.