Reversal current observed in micro- and submicro-channel flow under non-continuous DC electric field

Duan Yi-fei¹, Ma Hong-wei¹, Gao Ze-yang¹, Wang Kai-ge^{1, †}, Zhao Wei^{1, 2}, Sun Dan¹, Wang Gui-ren², Li Jun-jie³, Bai Jin-tao¹, Gu Chang-zhi³

(color online) Steady current varying with external applied voltage. ■ and represent the applied voltage change sequence for an increasing and decreasing process, respectively. (a) 1× TBE, (b) 1-M KCl, (c) 10-mM Tris, and (d) DI water. Diameter .