Optical properties of Mg2+, Yb3+, and Ho3+ tri-doped LiNbO3 crystals

Optical properties of Mg²⁺, Yb³⁺, and Ho³⁺ tri-doped LiNbO₃ crystals

Dai Li^{1, †}, Liu Chun-Rui¹, Tan Chao¹, Yan Zhe-Hua¹, Xu Yu-Heng²

(color online) Schematic energy-level diagrams of Ho and Yb ions and the up-conversion luminescence mechanism for Mg:Yb:Ho:LiNbO₃ crystals.