(a) The proposed reconfigurable antenna using a CGC with the radius of d, (b) the front-penetrative view of the proposed configuration, and (c) an example of the binary code. The polysilicon pads (yellow in the insert) are used to control the graphene conductivity σ_s as a function of the bias electrostatic by applied DC voltage V_DCi. All dimensions are in millimeters: G_h = 20, the length l of the monopole and its ground diameter are 4.5 and 40, respectively. The distance between the pads satisfies g << s. The polysilicon pads and the SiO₂ substrate (with the thickness of t) are excluded in the subsequent simulation because of their extremely thin profile.^[16]