Landau–Zener model for electron loss of low-energy negative fluorine ions to surface cations during grazing scattering on a LiF(001) surface
Zhou Wang, Zhang Meixiao, Zhou Lihua, Zhou Hu, Ma Yulong, Guo Yanling, Chen Lin†, , Chen Ximeng‡,
       

Negative-ion fractions as a function of the incident velocity for F−/0 projectiles during grazing (α = 1°) scattering from a LiF(001) surface. The data obtained for LiF(001) from Ref. [19]: F−, solid red squares; F0, solid violet circles. Theory: F−, dashed blue line, this model; F0, solid black line, Ref. [17]. The inset shows the electron-tunneling probability as a function of the projectile velocity for F−/LiF(001) based on Eq. (3).