High signal-to-noise ratio sensing with Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on auto gain control of electron multiplying CCD

Zhu Zhao-Yi^{1, 2}, Li Da-Yu¹, Hu Li-Fa¹, Mu Quan-Quan¹, Yang Cheng-Liang¹, Cao Zhao-Liang¹, Xuan Li^{1, †,}

Results with auto-gain-control. (a) Comparisons of the control value with the maximum; (b) numbers of pixels with signal larger than 8000 ADU, the numbers are smaller than 100 that did not cause self-protection.