Modulation of physical properties of oxide thin films by multiple fields

Yang Hua-Li^{1, 2}, Wang Bao-Min^{1, 2, †,}, Zhu Xiao-Jian^{1, 2}, Shang Jie^{1, 2}, Chen Bin^{1, 2}, Li Run-Wei^{1, 2, ‡,}

(a) Light I–V measurement in the DW_∥ geometry shows no observable photovoltaic effect, as grown. On rotation of the domain structure to the DW_⊥ configuration after application of +200 V voltage pulses to the in-plane device structure, a photovoltaic effect is observed. (b) Corresponding PFM images of the as-grown (top panel), 200 V poled (middle panel), and −200 V poled (bottom panel) device structures. The arrows indicate the in-plane projection of the polarization and the net polarization direction for the entire device structure.^[254]