Study of the optimal duty cycle and pumping rate for square-wave amplitude-modulated Bell

Study of the optimal duty cycle and pumping rate for square-wave amplitude-modulated Bell–Bloom magnetometers

Wang Mei-Ling^{1, 2}, Wang Meng-Bing^{1, 2}, Zhang Gui-Ying^{1, 2}, Zhao Kai-Feng^{1, 2, †,}

Experimental setup. PA, PB: DFB lasers resonant with ⁸⁷Rb D1 F = 2 → F′ = 2 and F = 1 → F′ = 2 transitions respectively, BS: beam splitter, LP: linear polarizer, AOM: acousto-optic modulator, λ/4: quarter-wave plate, λ/2: half wave plate, BE: beam expander, Shield: magnetic shield composed of four layers of mu-metal, Probe: probe laser, PBS: polarizing beam splitter, PD: photon detector, Lock-in: lock-in amplifier, FG: function generator, ref: AOM modulation trigger signal for lock-in reference, PSD: spectrum analyzer for power spectral density, OS: digital oscilloscope.