The 650-nm variable optical attenuator based on polymer/silica hybrid waveguide

Yu Yue-Yang¹, Sun Xiao-Qiang^{1, 2, †,}, Ji Lan-Ting¹, He Guo-Bing¹, Wang Xi-Bin^{1, 2}, Yi Yun-Ji^{1, 2}, Chen Chang-Ming^{1, 2}, Wang Fei^{1, 2}, Zhang Da-Ming^{1, 2}

Schematic of non-attenuation (a) and maximum attenuations when heaters are placed at α angles of 1˚ (b), 1.5˚ (c), and 2˚ (d) with respect to the mode propagation direction.