Cite this Article
Tiotsop M, Fotue A J, Kenfack S C, Issofa N, Fotsin H, Fai L C. Effects of Shannon entropy and electric field on polaron in RbCl triangular quantum dot. Chinese Physics B, 2016, 25(4): 048401  
Permissions
Effects of Shannon entropy and electric field on polaron in RbCl triangular quantum dot
Tiotsop M1, †, , Fotue A J1, Kenfack S C1, Issofa N1, Fotsin H2, Fai L C1
Mesoscopic and Multilayers Structures Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 479 Dschang, Cameroon
Laboratory of Electronics and Signal Processing, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon

 

† Corresponding author. E-mail: tmaurice29@yahoo.fr

Abstract
Abstract

In this paper, the time evolution of the quantum mechanical state of a polaron is examined using the Pekar type variational method on the condition of the electric-LO-phonon strong-coupling and polar angle in RbCl triangular quantum dot. We obtain the eigenenergies, and the eigenfunctions of the ground state, and the first excited state respectively. This system in a quantum dot can be treated as a two-level quantum system qubit and the numerical calculations are performed. The effects of Shannon entropy and electric field on the polaron in the RbCl triangular quantum dot are also studied.

PACS: 84.37.+q;65.40.gd;85.35.Be;71.38.–k;
Keyword:Shannon entropy;polaron;electric field;triangular quantum dot;
1. Introduction

With the exponential advancement of nanotechnology during recent years, the study of quantum computing and quantum information processing has generated widespread interest. The two-level system is usually employed as the elementary unit for storing information. Quantum computation will be based on the laws of quantum mechanics. Several schemes have been proposed for realizing quantum computers in recent years.[1–8] Owing to the fact that quantum computers have an edge over classical computers, they will need to carry thousands of qubits. Consequently, these quantum computers with a large number of qubits will be most feasible as solid-state systems. Self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) have attracted substantial attention due to their perfect crystal structures. Therefore, they become one of the most popular solid-state quantum information research fields that qubits can be realized by solid-state devices. Many schemes with widely varying content have been proposed for carrying out research on quantum dots.[1,2,9,10] Zhores and Leo[11] gave an overview of the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) architecture along with a summary of the experimental demonstration of QCA devices. Sun et al.[12] reported quantitative results on the electron–phonon coupling strength in CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and rods, which were obtained by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Rozhkov and Franco[13] generalized the known solution of the Schrödinger equation, describing a particle confined to a triangular area, for a triangular graphene quantum dot with armchair-type boundaries. The quantization conditions, wave functions, and the eigenenergies were determined analytically. As an application, they calculated the corrections to the energy levels of quantum dot due to distortions of the carbon-carbon bonds at the edges of the quantum dot. Seo et al.[14] experimentally investigated the charge (isospin) frustration induced by a geometrical symmetry in a triangular triple quantum dot. They observed the ground-state charge configurations of six-fold degeneracy, the manifestation of the frustration. The frustration resulted in omnidirectional charge transport, and it was accompanied by nearby nontrivial triple degenerate states in the charge stability diagram. Their work demonstrated a unique controllable way of studying geometrical frustration. More recently, using a Modified Lee Low Pine method, Feng et al.[15] have studied the temperature effects on the excited state of a strong-coupling polaron in an asymmetric RbCl quantum dot. Sun et al.[16] have studied the temperature effects on the vibrational frequency and ground state energy of the strong-coupling polaron in symmetry RbCl quantum dots. Xiao[17] used the same method to study the effects of electric field and temperature on RbCl asymmetry quantum dot qubit. However, the joint effect of electric field and Shannon entropy on the polaron in a triangular QD has not yet been studied.

In this present work, eigenenergies of the ground state and the first-excited state, the eigenfunctions of the ground state and the first-excited state are obtained by using the variational method of the Pekar type on the condition of electric-LO phonon strong coupling in RbCl triangular quantum dot. This system in quantum dot may be employed as a two-level quantum system qubit. We obtain the probability density of the polaron which oscillates with a given period when it is in a superposition of the ground and first excited states in the presence of an electric field.

The rest of this paper has the following structure: in Section 2, we describe the Hamiltonian of the system and use the Pekar variational method to derive the energies of ground and first excited states. We also derive the density of probability and the Shannon entropy. In Section 3, we present results and discussion, and finally we draw some conclusions from the present study in Section 4.

2. Theoretical model and calculation

We consider a system in which much more electrons are confined in the z direction than in the x or y direction. The electrons are assumed to be moving on the x–y plane. The confining potential is taken as the triangular bound potential form[18] and given as

The electrons move in this polar crystal and interact with bulk LO phonons under the action of an electric field. The electric field F is along the x direction. The Hamiltonian of the electron–phonon interaction system can be written as

where m is the band mass of electron while ω0 is the magnitude of confinement strength of the potential in the x–y plane and θ is the polar angle in the polar coordinate system. (aq) denotes the creation (annihilation) operator of the bulk LO phonon with wave vector q, p = (px, py pz) and r = (ρ, z) are the momentum and position vectors of the electron, and ρ = (x, y) is the position vector of the electron in the x–y plane.

Vq in Eq. (2) is given as follows:

where

Transforming this Hamiltonian again, we obtain

To evaluate the polaron energy, we use the Pekar variational method. To achieve our goal, we choose the trial function of strong coupling that can be separated into two parts which describe the electron and the phonon separately. The trial function cited from Ref. [19] is written as

where |φ〉 depends only on the electron coordinate, |0ph〉 represents the phonon’s vacuum state with aq |0ph〉 = 0, and U |0ph〉 is the coherent state of the phonon,

with being the variational function. We may choose the trial ground and the first-excited state wave functions of the electron to be

where λ0 and λ1 are the variational parameters. Equations (7) and (8) satisfy the following normalized relations:

Using the Pekar variational method, we have

By minimizing the expectation value of the Hamiltonian, we obtain the ground state energy E0 = 〈ϕ0|H′ |ϕ0〉 and the first excited state energy E1 = 〈 ϕ1|H′|ϕ1〉. Performing the variations of E0 and E1 with respect to , we obtain

Inserting Eq. (11) into E0 and Eq. (12) into E1, we then obtain the energies of polaron ground and first excited state energies in the following forms:

where and are effective confinement length and the polaron radius respectively. λ0 and λ1 are obtained by minimizing the ground and first excited state energies. The electron in the superposition state is expressed as

from which we define the time evolution of the electron quantum state as

and the Shannon entropy as

3. Results and discussion

In this section we derive the numerical results of the entropy of the polaron in RbCl triangular QD. The experimental parameters used in the calculations are as follows:[20] ħωL0 = 21.45 meV, α = 3.81, and m = 0.432m0.

Figure 1 displays the time evolutions of entropy for α = 3.81, θ = π/3, κ = 2π, l0 = 6 nm, r0 = 10 nm, m = 0.432m0, ħωL0 = 21.4 meV.

Fig. 1. Variations of entropy as a function of time for θ = π/2, κ = 2π, l0 = 6 nm, and r = 10 nm at (a) F = 1.50 V/nm, (b) F = 10.0 V/nm, (c) F = 50.0 V/nm, and (d) F = 100.0 V/nm.

Figure 1 shows that entropy changes periodically with time. This oscillatory behavior of entropy is due to the form of potential. For the lower value of electric field, entropy changes periodically but the entropy increases for the higher value of electric field. The increase of the entropy means the loss of information about the system. The control of the decoherence of the system can be implemented by modulating the electric field. This result is in agreement with the ones obtained by Fotue et al.[21] and Sun et al.[22]

Figure 2 shows that entropy changes periodically with time. In this figure, we show the evolutions of entropy with time for different values of polar angle θ. For θ = 0 and π the system is coherent and in this range, the entropy oscillates periodically. The control of the coherence of the system can be implemented by modulating the polar angle; the result is in agreement with that obtained in Refs. [23] and [24]. We believe that all these phenomena come from the triangular bound potential.[25,26]

Fig. 2. Time evolutions of entropy for F = 1.5 V/nm, κ = 2π, l0 = 6 nm, and r = 10 nm at (a) θ = 0, (b) θ = π/3, (c) θ = 2π/3, and (d) θ = π.
4. Conclusions

Using the Pekar variational method, the eigenenergies and eigenfunctions of polaron in RbCl triangular QD under an electric field effect are derived. The numerical results indicate that entropy changes periodically for lower values of electric field strength and polar angle but for the higher values of electric field, the entropy increases. The increase of the entropy means the loss of information about the system; the modulation of electric field and polar angle can be carried out to control the decoherence in the system. To optimize the transmission of information, the polar angle and electric field strength need to be well modulated.

Reference
1Li W PYin J WYu Y FWang Z WXiao J L 2010 J. Low Temp Phys. 160 112
2Yu Y FLi W PYin J WXiao J L 2011 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50 3322
3Wen Y JXiao J LYu Y FWang Z W 2009 Chin. Phys. 18 446
4Sun J KLi H JXiao J L 2009 Physica 404 1961
5Nielsen M AChang I L2000Computation and Quantum InformationCambridgeCambridge University Press
6D’Amico I 2006 Microelectron. 37 1440
7Bennett C HDiVincenzo D P 2000 Nature 404 247
8Hawrylak PKorkusinski M 2005 Solid State Commun. 136 508
9Sarma S DSousa R DHu X DKoiller B 2005 Solid State Commun. 133 737
10Yu Y FLi W PYin J WXiao J L 2011 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 50 3322
11Zhores I ALeo Esaki L2002SPIE Proc. 5023
12Sun ZSwart IDelerue CVanmaekelbergh DLiljeroth P 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 196401
13Rozhkov A VFranco Nori F 2010 Phys. Rev. 81 155401
14Seo MChoi H KLee S YKim NChung YSim H SUmansky VMahalu 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 046803
15Feng L QLi J QXiao J L 2015 Mod. Phys. Lett. 29 1450261
16Sun YDing Z HXiao J L2014J. At. Mol. Sci.5263
17Xiao J L 2014 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 83 034004
18Barnes J PWarren W S 1999 Phys. Rev. 60 4363
19Kandemir B SCetin A 2005 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17 667
20Xiao J L 2014 Superlattices and Microstructures 70 39
21Fotue A JKenfack S CNsangou ITiotsop MDjemmo M P TWirngo A VFotsin HFai L C 2015 Am. J. Mod. Phys. 4 138
22Sun J KLi H JXiao J L 2009 Mod. Phys. Lett. 23 3273
23Fai L CTchoffo MDiffo J TFouokeng G C2014Phys. Rev. Res. Int.4267
24Wang Z WLi W PYin J WXiao J L 2008 Commun. Theor. Phys. 49 311
25Li Z X 2011 J. Low Temp. Phys. 165 36
26Li Z X 2012 Mod. Phys. Lett. 26 1150015