Weakly interacting spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with three-dimensional spin

Weakly interacting spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with three-dimensional spin–orbit coupling

Song Shu-Wei^{1, 2, 3, †,}, Sun Rui^{1, 2, 3}, Zhao Hong^{1, 2, 3}, Wang Xuan^{1, 2, 3}, Han Bao-Zhong^{1, 2, 3}

The sliced three-dimensional density profile of (a) |ψ_↑|² and (b) |ψ_↑|² obtained by minimizing the full Gross–Pitaevskii energy functional. The spin–orbit coupling and spin-dependent interaction parameters are κ = 2.0 and c₁ = 0.001, respectively.