Weakly interacting spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with three-dimensional spin

Weakly interacting spinor Bose–Einstein condensates with three-dimensional spin–orbit coupling

Song Shu-Wei^{1, 2, 3, †,}, Sun Rui^{1, 2, 3}, Zhao Hong^{1, 2, 3}, Wang Xuan^{1, 2, 3}, Han Bao-Zhong^{1, 2, 3}

(a) Single-particle energy spectrum of the three-dimensionally spin-orbit coupled condensate with dimensionless spin–orbit coupling parameter κ = 2. (b) The isosurface of the density for the single-particle ground state with quantum number j = 1/2, m = −1/2 with |ψ_↑|² = 0.002 and |ψ_↓|² = 0.005. The color on the isosurface indicates the phase of the state order parameter.