The distribution of lithium chemical potential and electric potential for the whole circuit. (a) The distribution of Li⁺chemical potential during the discharge process; (b) the distribution of Li⁺chemical potential during the charge process, the contribution of which is opposite to the actual electric potential for the negative charge it has; (c) the distribution of electronic (e⁻) potential during the discharge process; (d) the distribution of electronic potential during the charge process; (e) the total electric potential distribution of both e⁻and Li⁺simultaneously.