Brief overview of electrochemical potential in lithium ion batteries

Gao Jian^{1, 2}, Shi Si-Qi^{3, 2}, Li Hong^{1, †,}

Crystalline structures and voltage–composition curves of (a) layered-LiCoO₂; (b) spinel–LiMn₂O₄; (c) olivine–LiFePO₄.^[4](d) Open circuit voltage: from the aspect of Fermi energy level or electrochemical potential of Li (adapted from Ref. [5]).