Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti
Umm-i-Kalsoom 1, 2, 3, †, , Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7
       

Plot of squared spot diameter (D2) versus the logarithm of the laser pulse energy under a vacuum (10−3mbar) for (a) single pulse, (b) 100 pulses, and in O2environment at 133 mbar pressure for (c) single pulse and (d) for100 laser pulses.