Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti
Umm-i-Kalsoom 1, 2, 3, †, , Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7
       

(a) Magnified view of nano-LIPSS formation of Fig.3(a). (b) Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectra of Fig.3(a), and (c) variation in periodicity of nano-LIPSS for various local fluences using FFT after ablation of Ti in O2by 100 pulses of fsec laser at wavelength of 800 nm, pulse duration of 30 fsec and repetition rate of 1 kHz