Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti
Umm-i-Kalsoom 1, 2, 3, †, 
, Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7
, Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7 SEM images revealing the variation in the surface morphology of Ti after ablation by 100 pulses of fsec laser at a wavelength of 800 nm, pulse duration of 30 fsec, and a repetition rate of 1 kHz for different fluences of (a) 0.86, (b) 1.0, (c) 1.13, (d) 1.27, (e) 1.52, (f) 2.47, (g) 3.42, and (h) 4.37 J·cm−2. (i) Full view of ablated region for a fluence value of 4.37 J·cm−2in O2at a pressure of 133 mbar.
