Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti
Umm-i-Kalsoom 1, 2, 3, †, , Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7
       

(a) Magnified view of nano-LIPSS formation of Figs.1(a)and 1(b). Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectra of Figs.1(a)and1(c). The variation in periodicity of nano-LIPSS for various local fluences using FFT after ablation of Ti under vacuum (10−3mbar) condition by 100 pulses of fsec laser at wavelength of 800 nm, pulse duration of 30 fsec, and repetition rate of 1 kHz.