Effect of fluence and ambient environment on the surface and structural modification of femtosecond laser irradiated Ti
Umm-i-Kalsoom 1, 2, 3, †, 
, Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7
, Bashir Shazia2, Ali Nisar1, 2, 4, Shahid Rafique M5, Husinsky Wolfgang1, Nathala Chandra S R1, Makarov Sergey V6, Begum Narjis7 SEM images revealing the variation in the surface morphology of Ti after ablation by 100 pulses of fsec laser at wavelength of 800 nm, pulse duration of 30 fsec, and repetition rate of 1 kHz for various fluences of (a) 0.86, (b) 1.0, (c) 1.13, (d) 1.27, (e) 1.52, (f) 2.47, (g) 3.42, (h) 4.37 J·cm−2and (i) full view of the ablated region for a fluence value of 4.37 J·cm−2under vacuum (10−3mbar) conditions.
