Controlled mutual quantum entity authentication using entanglement swapping

Kang Min-Sung^a),^b), Hong Chang-Ho^a),^b), Heo Jino^a),^b), Lim Jong-In^a),^b), Yang Hyung-Jin†^a),^b),^c)

Bidirectional challenge-response authentication using a symmetric-key cipher.^{[ 1 – 4 ]} As in Fig. 1(a) , Alice and Bob, respectively, check the nonce (random number) R _A and R _B, and mutually verify the unidirectional authentication using the nonce. In phase 3, Alice generates encrypted random numbers k _AB ( R _A R _B) and responds to Bob’s challenge, while simultaneously challenging Bob to identification. In phase 4, Bob generates k _AB ( R _B R _A) and responds to Alice’s challenge, thereby completing the certification process.